Art of Cooking Essay Example for Free

Art of Cooking EssayI have a passion for culinary art. My double culture, and family background was behind this love . I always thought that being half French , half Moroccan is a wide diverseness , but starting to cook approved it to me . I remember when I used to sneak in my moms kitchen, and play with the ingredients. It was a great time where I learned how to mix, and make in the altogether dishes by improvising new combinations. For example, I mixed flavors and textures that were usually never combined. Or even add new colors in my dishes that raise their beauty. I was not the only one fascinated by food. My dad a professional chef got me into the world of pastry, and Moroccan tralatitious food ex Tagine, which is primarily used to slow-cook savory stews and vegetable dishes. Because the domed or cone-shaped lid of the tagine traps steam and returns the condensed liquid to the pot. Morocco is the culinary star of join Africa it is the doorway between Europe and Africa.M uch imperial and trade influence has been filtered, and blended into this culture. Moroccan cooking is characterized by rich spices that combine anywhere from 10 to 100 spices. French and Moroccan cooking cuisines have been subject to Berber, Moorish, Arab, and European influences. Most French dishes are known for their complex, and rich flavors, we love bread, and wines. Most of tidy sum tried some French recipes, or food without knowing that is even French.You may find them all over the world. Ex * Crepes a very straightaway pancake typically stuffed with fruit or cream. * Baguette a long French bread loaf. * Chocolate mousse this lighter than air dessert originated in France. * Eclair a pastry stuffed with cream and topped with icing. * Creme Brulee Custard topped with hard caramel. One cannot think well, love well, and sleep well, if one has not dined well.

The State of Public school integration Essay Example for Free

The arouse of Public instilltime integrating EssayAbstr bringThe man instructs, more than any another(prenominal) bea of society, received the more or less attention concerning de sequestration in the primordial 1950s. Fully aware that black had been admitted to white colleges and that numerous cases concerning the reality give instructions were existence argued in the federal courts, indoctrinate officials in many parts. Br ingest vs. Board of education was the ultimate triumph that placed the rights of blacks before the law, on equal footing with whites.The story of Brown vs. Board of procreation is a half-century old now and has been retold many times bye historians, legal scholars, sociologists, and others. A number of societal forces during the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s continue to shape school social work practice. The 1954 Brown vs. Board of education of Topeka, KS finis concluded that separate educational facilities on the basis of race are inherently uneq ual and unconstitutional.The State of public school integrationIn recent anthropological theme of a California school, John Ogbu makes the point that relationships between the school and the community are sporadic and limited in scope. Parents and community involvement in the schools, he writes, normally mean participation in such extracurricular programs as PTA, impolite house, and social entertainments rather than more vital matters such as making decisions concerning the pattern The extent of community participation or control over the schools whitethorn vary, but, in general, parents and other community members are content to leave schooling to the teachers and school administrators. (Fein, 1971).This traditional separation between school and community often breaks down, however, when the schools vex actively involved in contemporary social and political issues. Large numbers of parents or other stems may not organize committees or dish out meetings when a mathematics or hi story curriculum is on the ag land upa, but they are aroused when the topics for decision include drawing school boundary lines or busing pupils. School integrationthe deliberate placing of previously separate minority and majority groups within the same school buildingis surely the prime recent exemplification of how social and political issues bring the school and its various communities into a more direct relationship. (Amir, Sharan, Ben-Ari, 47)Most of the literature tracing the response of local communities to school integration concentrates on the experience in the United States during the past quarter century. Social scientists scram analyzed the complex processes that accompany integrated previously segregated disconsolate and pureness schools in twain the North and the South. Not surprisingly, these studies have primarily explored the political problems and processes arising from school integration. This point is emphasized in a recent study of integrated schools.Rist (1979) grounds The most ambitious study along these lines is Crain and Associates monograph entitled The politics of School Desegregation (1968). Focusing on an entire urban center rather than a particular district or neighborhood, the authors analyze the complex interplay among civil rights advocates, boards of education, school officials, and local political and business elites in 15 U.S. cities, as they struggle and pact with one another while seeking to implement (or delay) voluntary or court- ordered school desegregation.The authors conclude, for example, that school boards are more important than school superintendents in developing integration policies, and that the political style of the city and its elites is particularly critical. This emphasis upon political processes is also apparent in Gerard and Millers (1975) longitudinal study of the outcomes of BlackWhite school integration in Riverside, California. Hendrickss describes a rash of meetings, demonstrations, boycot ts, and violent episodes (a school building was deliberately set on fire) that accompanied the onset of desegregation in Riverside. However, the Riverside schools were quickly integrated, and the demonstrations and meetings came to an end. Indeed, the Riverside case exemplifies rapid community acceptance and cooperation. (Amir, Sharan, Ben-Ari, 48)The New MillenniumAtlanta led the way toward integrated schools in the early 1960s. Under Mayors Hartsfield and Allen, the Atlanta school board complied with federal mandates despite pressures from many in the state legislature to resist integration. In 1960, the general assembly gave some ground and appointed John A. Sibley, a prominent Atlanta businessman and civic leader, to chair a state committee to develop guidelines and more thought on integration issues in Georgia. The Sibley Committee held numerous meetings during the course of a statewide canvass, and subsequently issued recommendations that Georgia allow local school boards to set their own policies and agenda for federal integration shape.The effort to achieve integration was a gradual one, beginning with the approach of two African-American students to the University of Georgia in 1961 and the incremental integration of four Atlanta city high schools in 1961 and 1962. In 1963, local high schools, local high schools in Savannah, Athens, and Burnswick followed suit and began integration. Although the move toward compliance took almost a decade, by the early 1970s, public schools in Georgia achieved almost full integration.School integration and the gradual end of segregation in public facilities and accommodations brought a growing white-flight movement in the 1960s and 1970s. Huge numbers of urban whites in cities in Georgia and crosswise the South locomote out of the city centers and into growing suburbs.Atlanta was typical during this period. As metro Atlantas population passed 2, then 3, million in the late 1970s and 1980s, its central city populat ion decreased. White migration to the suburbs created an unintended and unanticipated paradox in the march toward full school integration. Inner-city schools in Atlanta and other large southern cities came to have disproportionately high numbers of African-American students, while suburban schools were primarily white.The response to this emerging tend was the federally mandated school busing effort of the early 1970s. Students of both races were bused out of their local neighborhoods to schools in other sections as a most controversial aspect of public education during the period in Georgia and across the United States. Mandated busing to attain balanced public school integration began to subside by 1980, largely due to the overwhelmingly negative response by parents of schoolchildren of both races.The Case of Brown Vs Board of Education (1954) The Inequality of Separate but EqualThis landmark unconditional Court decision was actually based on a consolidation of four similar cases from Kansas, South Crolina, Virginia, and Delaware. While they were based on different facts and local conditions, they were considered together because of the common legal question being considered. In each of the four cases, African American children were denied admission to state public schools attended by white children. This racial segregation operated low state laws that permitted or required by the practice.These laws had to that point protected been by the precedent of Plessy v, Ferguson. The schools for blacks and whites in each case had been or were being equalized in terms of buildings, curricula, qualifications and salaries of teachers, and other tangible conditions. The question before the Supreme Court was whether or not the segregation of black children and white children resulted in the children being deprived of the equal security guaranteed by the fourteenth Amendment. A related question was whether or not the separate but equal doctrine of Plessy v. Ferguson co uld be applied in the line of business of public education. (Meyer, Weaver, 181)The Supreme Court Rules on Brown v. Board of Education (1954)The event On May 17, 1954, the United States Supreme Court declared racial segregation illegal in its landmark decision in the case of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. For more than half a century, since its 1896 ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson, the high court had upheld as constitutional all separate but equal accommodations and facilities for blacks. Schools, public transport, restaurants, hotels, and other public facilities were rigidly segregated throughout oft of the country, especially the South. Beginning in the mid-1930s, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) brought a series of suits against segregated school districts.In these early cases the Supreme Court ruled that because the tangible aspect of schools for blacks and those for whites were equal, the laws providing for segregated schools were co nstitutional. In the case of Brown v. Board of Education, however, the NAACP lawyers, among them Thurgood Marshall, presented expert testimony on the debilitating effects of segregationtestimony that proves to be extremely important in the courts ruling, which this time held that segregated school systems were inherently unequal because of intangible factors. (Axelrod, Philips, 280)Implication for school social whole caboodleSchool social workers draw on a number of diverse roles and tasks to meet the unique needs of each school and the priorities of each building principal. apply the ecological framework as an organizing principle, these tasks include advocating for risk students and their families empowering families to share their concerns with school officialsmaintaining open lines of communication between home and school helping families understand their childrens educational needs consulting with teachers about students living situations and neighborhood conditions making re ferrals to community agencies tracking students involved with multiple agencies and working with the larger community to identify and develop resources to demote serve the needs of at-risk students of their families.11Impact of the Brown vs. Board of Education upon the School social work was great. As a result, schools were faced with the daunting task of desegregating course of studyrooms and educating change magnitude numbers of students whos lifestyle and language differed from the middle-class orientation of the school (Germain. 1999, p.34). At the same time, a flurry of federal educational legislation during the 1960s and 1870s importantly increased in federal governments role in public education.For example, the Civil Rights Act of 1964, prohibited discrimination in federally assisted programs based on race, color, or national origin, assisted school staff in dealing with problems caused by desegregation. Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (ESEA), through Title I, authorised grand for compensatory education in elementary and collateral schools for children of low-income families.1972 Education Amendment (Title IX) was the low comprehensive federal law to prohibit sex discrimination in the admission and treatment of students by educational institutions receiving federal assistance. Title IX also prohibited schools that were receiving federal funds from discriminating against pregnant teens and teen mothers.Vocational replenishment Act of 1973 (Section 504) covered students who have a disability and may need special accommodations but not special education and related services as specified in the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). Children with attention deficit disorder with hyper activity (ADHD) and students infected with the AIDS virus are often served under a 504 plan.Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act, enacted in 1974, provided federal financial assistance to states that had implemented programs for the identif ication, prevention, and treatment of child abuse and neglect. A component of this act was the creation of the National Center for Child Abuse and Neglect. Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 provided resources to develop and implement programs to keep elementary and secondary students in school (Dupper 10).Focus on school social works responsibility to help modify school conditions and policies that had a detrimental impact on students by incorporating general systems theory and the ecological perspective as frameworks for social work practice (Costin, 1978). It was also during this time that group work methods were incorporated into school social work practice. However, despite this renewed emphasis on school and community conditions as targets of intervention, the vast majority of school social workers continued to pore on traditional casework models (Dupper 10, 17).Brown v. Board The RulingIn the first three cases, black children were challenging ruling that denied them admission to white-only public schools. In contrast, the Delaware school system was attempting to regain such segregation. In each case, students had at one point or another been denied admission to schools attended by white children under laws requiring or permitting separate but equal segregation.The court ruled separationism of white and diagonal children in public schools has a detrimental effect upon the colored children. The impact is greater when it has the sanction of the law for the policy of separating the races is usually interpreted as denoting the outclassedity of the Negro group. A sense of inferiority affects the motivation of children to learn. Segregation with the sanction of the law, therefore, has a tendency to retard the educational and mental exploitation of Negro children and to deprive them of some of the benefits they would receive in a racially integrated school system. (Brown v. Board of Education) (Meyer, Weaver, 309)As a graduate student completing the Master of Social persist degree at Tulane University in New Orleans, I had my first exposure to ADC. I had come to social work through entirely different routes and had no idea that welfare assistance, which we studied and researched, was synonymous for many hatful discussion even poverty and disadvantage were rarely mentioned. The assumption appeared to be that all of that was behind the nation after the recovers of the New Deal and the economic development of the World War II and postwar years.But by 1960 and the presidential contest between John F. Kennedy and Richard M. Nixon, welfare had become a substantial public issue. Kennedy talked about poverty and welfare assistance in the presidential campaign. He focused on the great needs of West Virginia people and others in Appalachia. unrivaled began hearing discussions of Pockets of poverty, rather than hearing need addressed as a pervasive and national human problem. Kennedy also founded the Peace Corps, anothe r effort that raise public consciousness about disadvantage and its consequences.Perhaps the most salient event that brought public attention to the problems of poverty was the publication of Michael Harringtons The Other America (1962). Harrington wrote that during the Depression, death chair Roosevelt spoke of a nation in which one-third of the people were poorly housed, clothed, and fed. But by the 1960s, he showed, one-fourth of the people were living in poverty. He said that the poor were isolated from people with power, which perpetuated their poverty. Their only contact with people in authority was with social workers who, Harrington suggested, also lacked power.So the roots of welfare reform are found in the early 1960s, and that is true for both sides of the welfare reform effortsthose who want to make welfare more generous and more humane for the recipients and those who want to reduce its availability and its generosity. Some observers might suggest that there were oth er factors operating in the origins of the welfare reform debates. Although the earliest proposals were those designed to meliorate welfare from the perspectives of clients, there was a consistent backlash, and the most global pro- client reforms did not pass Congress.Part of that backlash may have been correlated with the orgasm and growth of the Civil Rights movement. The Brown vs. Board of education school desegregation decision in 1954 spawned the grass roots efforts to end segregation in employment, housing, and public accommodations.Dr. Martin Luther King and many other African American leaders as well as civil rights organizations took various postures and strategies to end the separation and discrimination that operated from the end of official slavery until mid-century. One might speculate that the new concern about welfare was a surrogate for concern about civil rights. The disproportionately large percentage of African Americans who received assistance (although, like t he whole population, the majority of recipients were and are white) seemed to serve as a way of criticizing minority group members without doing so directly.(Nackerud, Robinson 3)ConclusionPublic school integration became an explosive issue in New Orleans because it forced into conflict both racial and class interests. The city was roughly 40 percent Catholic in 1950 and in 1962, some 39,000, or 47 percent of the citys white students attended Catholic schools. The city had well established private, Catholic, and public schools all three systems were segregated. Although the quality of schools varied throughout the city, depending upon the affluence of the neighborhood involved, black public schools were acknowledged to be inferior to white public schools. Black children often attended schools on half-day platoon shifts in buildings that were dilapidated and in need of basic supplies.Black PTAs had protested these conditions throughout the 1950s, and the NAACP leadership hoped that s chool integration would equalize opportunities for the citys black children. But the public schools were the most vulnerable educational institutions in the city. Affluent whites preferred to send their children to elite private or Catholic schools, and ambitious black parents tried to educate their children in rather private institutions like Gilbert Academy, or in the black Catholic system.It was not surprising that working class segregationists interpreted school integration as class exploitation and victimization in the late 1950s and early 1960s. some went to drastic measures to avoid the loss of status that racial integration signified. In the fall of 1960, their collective actions included demonstrations, picketing, acts of terrorism, and boycotting of integrated schools.In 1956, Judge J. Skelly Wright rendered a decision on the Bush case. He ordered the OPSB to cease requiring segregation in the citys public schools with all deliberate speed. A lengthy series of appeals fol lowed, while the school board and the state legislature sought to stall school integration.ReferenceAmir, Yehuda. Sharan, Shlomo. (1984). School Desegregation Cross Cultural Perspectives. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publisher. Pg. 47, 48Dupper, David. (2002). School Social Work Skills and Interventions for Effective Practice. Wiley .com Publisher. Pg. 13Marger, Robinson. Nackerud, G, Larry. (2000). Early Implications of Welfare Reform in the Southeast. NY Nova Publishers. Pg. 3Meyer, G, Robert. Weaver, M, Christopher. (2006). Law and Mental Health A Case-Based Approach. NY Guilford Press Publisher. Pg. 307Philips, Charles. Axelrod, Alan. (2004). What Every American Should have about American History 200 Events Thats. US Adams Media Publisher. Pg. 280Rogers, Lacy, Kim. (1993).Righteous Lives Narratives of the New Orleans Civil Rights Movement. NY NYU Press Publisher. Pg. 50, 63

The Mozart Effect: Concept Overview and Analysis

The Mozart imprint Concept Overview and AnalysisThe Mozart EffectBeth BoardleyAbstractThe Mozart Effect is said to occur when individuals listen to the cardinal gentle sonata. It is hypothesized that by audition to this ensemble that individuals will remember information to a greater extent easily. Two studies were shooted relating to the Mozart Effect. The first convey relates to spatial skill performance and how we use the same neural pathways to impact this as we do medicinal drug, the second theme was conducted to challenge the first film. The second asks argument was that any music that is appreciated can m other the same remembrance entrap. In the second study they conducted one experiment in which they unfastened unborn mice to Mozarts piano sonata K448 and then also conducted a study to see how Mozarts piano sonata K448 affected patients who suffered from epilepsy. The conclusions were that Mozarts piano sonata K448 did have a positive effect on both animals an d humans. In this composing we will discuss the parts of the first study including the hypothesis, variables, evidence, and explanations the researchers use. We will also examine the merit and generaliz faculty of the second study.Music and Spatial Task mathematical operationBy conducting research and doing experiments we can gain reliable answers to the millions of questions we have. There are many different types of research that can be conducted. Researchers choose the type of research and experiments to conduct based on the hypothesis, and the resources available to them. This purpose to this paper is to examine the study of the Mozart effect in recounting to ii articles, Music and Spatial Task Performance written by Rauscher, Shaw Ky in 1993, and The Mozart Effect written by Jenkins in 2011, and to answer specific questions based on their research.Fundamentally the Mozart Effect is a study that examines whether or not music helps individuals complete tasks breach. The fir st article in question is Music and Spatial Task Performance. This article was written by Rauscher, Shaw Ky in 1993. They strove to prove that there was a causal relationship between cognition and cognitions pertaining to abstract operations such as mathematical or spatial logical thinking (Rauscher et al., 1993). They hypothesized that scans of the maven and its neural pathways would show that the intake and processing of music and our spatial ability would use the same pathways. They also hypothesized that theses paths cover large portions of the same areas of the brain.To better understand these articles it is important to understand what spatial task performance is. Spatial ability is the capacity to understand and remember the spatial relations among objects (Jhu.edu, n.d.). In other words it is the ability to visualize in ones mind. This ability is not static as it develops throughout ones life. In relation to application, spatial ability is related to a persons ability to p erform at a minimum of two tasks at the same time. An vitrine of a spatial skill would be walking and dribbling a ball. Many occupations require prominent spatial ability such as mathematics, meteorology, inbred sciences, engineering, and architecture, among many others.Many of these jobs require research. Conducting research also requires spatial ability. There are many components to conducting research. Two of the most important components are the in mutually beneficial and dependent variables. An independent variable is a variable that stands alone and has no changes made to it. The independent variables in this study are Mozarts sonata, the college students, and the three-year-olds (Rauscher et al., 1993). A dependent variable is a variable that depends on other ingredients and changes. In the Rauscher et al., study the dependent variable was the memory.Another component of a research study is the controlled variables. A controlled variable is a variable in which the research er wants to remain constant. The controlled variables in the Rauscher et al., 1993 study consist of Mozarts sonata, the college students, and the three-year-olds. The music was a necessary controlled variable because the study was music based. The come on ranges of the participants was important to control because they wanted to find out how memory was affected in children and in adults. They wanted to see who would remember the information the extensiveest.Rauscher et al., 2013, presented data from two studies. They proved that the college students had better short term memory as a result of listening to Mozarts sonata. They also showed that the three year olds had advancements, particularly in communicative cognitive ability, as a result of listening to Mozarts sonata too. The evidence from this study was empirical and valid. The researchers explained that infants have the maximum ability relating to developing nonverbal cognitive skills as well as memorization. It has been sho wn that as we increase in age we lose memory recall and execution skills with the decrease in brain elasticity. This also reaps it harder for adults to retain new information. The evidence presented in the article justified their explanation and proved that music and spatial ability travels among the same pathways in the brain.The Mozart EffectIn 2001 another researcher Jenkins analyzed the work and studies conducted by Rauscher et al., 1993 in relation to the Mozart effect. Jenkins used the concept of enjoyment arousal as an explanation to the Mozart effect. Jenkins believed two specific factors that affected the study was the type of music being played and the participants particular taste for the music. For lawsuit if the participants were to have been of a jr. age such as a teenager then they would most likely respond with more positive results to music from their generation such as Taylor Swift or Carrie Underwood.In order to test the challenge hypothesis Jenkins conducted a study Jenkins conducted animal experiments. They used rats in utero and exposed them to music for 60 days. The rats were split into groups where each group were exposed to different music. The ensembles in which the rats were exposed to were Mozarts piano sonata K448, to minimalist music by the composer Philip Glass, to white noise or to secrecy (Jenkins, 2011). After the rats were born and the exposure period was ended they were tested using a maze navigation course.The results from the study were surprising. The study from the maze navigation showed that the rats who were exposed to Mozarts sonata were the quickest and also the most accurate at completing the maze (Jenkins, 2011). This information is significant because it showed that Mozarts sonata and the Mozart effect does exist, that it is provable, and that it has an effect on memory. An spare study conducted did not relate to spatial skills or maze navigation. This study involved persons suffering from epilepsy. For this st udy they used 29 patients with focal discharges or bursts of conclude spike and wave complexes (Jenkins, 2001).While listening to Mozarts piano sonata K448 patients EEG results had a visible reduction in epileptic activity. They study showed for some patients there was great improvements. For example in one male, unconscious with status epilepticus, ictal patterns were present 62% of the time, whereas during exposure to Mozarts music this prize fell to 21% (Jenkins, 2001). According to another study, The long-term effect of listening to Mozart K.448 decreases epileptic form discharges in children with epilepsy, the Mozart K448 also had effectiveness in reducing epilepsy and the frequency of epileptic episodes in children (Lin et al., 2011).This study holds merit for several reasons. One reason is that it proves that the Mozart effect does exist. Secondly it provides evidence that the Mozart effect is not based only on music appreciation per the unborn rats performance in the maze. It also showed that this effect is not limited to spatial ability or memory as it was also proven to have profound effects in epileptic patients.This study did not take into account individual spatial ability. For instance all the rats were apparently able to complete the maze. The researchers gave no warning that any rats were impaired leading us to assume all of the rats were healthy. The only difference encountered was the music in which the rats were exposed to, or lack thereof. The study performed with the patients suffering from epilepsy did not pertain to their spatial abilities it focused on the decrease of epileptic episodes..In order to make this study more generalizable all they would need to try and test the spatial ability of many different types of rats. There should be normal functioning rats, mentally deficient rats, deformed rats, and rats that suffer blindness and deafness issues. Added in there could be rats that suffer from malnutrition as well as obesity. With keeping the rest of the study the same a more wide-ranging inference can be made in relation to Mozarts sonata and the effects it has on the rats performance in the maze navigation.In regards to the studies with the epileptic patients other types of music should be used rather than just Mozarts sonata. Other classical selections could be used such as selections from Bach, Chopin, or other Mozart selections. This could be helpful in order to see if the epileptic episodes are decreased with the various selections or if it is just that particular Mozart sonata.The study could break the music down farther by examining the type of instrumentation within the selection. In the studies it was stated that the Mozart sonata was a piano piece. With this we may deduce that selections using the piano may have an effect on epileptic episodes. A generalization from this is that soothing piano music with no words could have a positive effect on the epileptic episode reductions. Another possibility, just as with the rats, the type of epileptic could be factor such as the severity of the epilepsy in the patient.ConclusionThe conclusion of these studies is that the Mozart effect does in fact exist, that it is provable, and that there are positive results in the participants. The first study conducted pertained to spatial skills in college students as well as three year olds. This study proved that younger individuals have the ability to remember information more easily as a result of listening to Mozarts sonata. The college students showed that information was retained only short-term.Also proven was that the intake and processing of music and spatial abilities use the same neural pathways in the brain. It was later argued that any type of music can make people remember more as long as they appreciate they music being played. This however was disproved through the experiment that was conducted using the rats. They study showed that the rats that listened to Mozarts piece perform ed better and more accurately in the maze vs. rats that listened to Philip Glass, white noise, or nothing at all. Also interesting was the discovery that listening to Mozarts piano sonata K448 was proven to reduce epileptic episodes.The Mozart effect unquestionably warrants further study. There needs to be different types of rats to determine if disabilities such as blindness or injury has an effect on their ability to navigate the maze. More studies with epileptic patients could be conducted as well in order to test different types of musics relation to the reduction of episodes if any, as well as more studies on individuals and children.ReferencesJenkins, J.S. (2001). The Mozart effect. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 94, 170-172. Retrieved January 21, 2015, from http//web.b.ebscohost.com.libproxy.edmc.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/emailprotectedvid=1hid=116Jhu.edu. (n.d.). What is spatial ability? Retrieved January 21, 2015, fromLin, L., Lee, W., Wu, H., Tsai, C., Wei, R., Mok, H ., Weng, C., Lee, M., Yang, R., (2011). The long-term effect of listening to Mozart K.448 decreases epileptic form discharges in children with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behavior, 21(4), 420-424. Retrieved January 21, 2015, from http//www.sciencedirect.com.libproxy.edmc.eduRauscher, F. H., Shaw, G. L., Ky, K. N. (1993). Music and spatial task performance. Nature, 365. 6447 611. (October 14, 1993). (ProQuest Document ID 76004658). Retrieved January 21, 2015, from http//files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED390733.pd

Nano Reinforced Filaments for Additive Manufacturing

Nano Reinforced Filaments for Additive ManufacturingNomenclatureSummaryFused bank deposit Modelling (FDM) is a popular technique for Additive Manufacturing (AM). FDM is used for dissimulation of thermoplastic resin move used for rapid prototyping with advantages like low cost and minimal material wastage. The aimive of this project report is to understand variant properties of fortify extruded polymer filaments. The process includes the mixing of carbon nano thermionic tubes with polymer filament such as PLA and investigating different properties i.e. mechanical properties and use these new filaments for FDM (Fused affidavit Modelling) machines. CNT bl breaked polymers argon flatboat but stronger materials then typical PLA. This new material has outstanding mechanical properties which includes extreme tensile strength and Youngs modulus. The blending of CNT with PLA is presentn in this report through microscopy. The audition includes PLA with different composition i.e. simp le PLA,0.1% CNT,0.2% CNT,0.5%CNT and 1%CNT. The tables show the relationship amidst shear rate and shear viscousness of materials with different compositions achieved through rheology. The rheological demeanour of CNT composite melt was likewise examined at two different temperatures i.e. 190c and 195c. The graph represents the This report is going to present the directs achieved by MFI (Melt Flow Index) and Rheology to face if the material is stronger than any typical polymer, so that it prat be used for Additive Manufacturing.The technology of Additive Manufacturing (AM) is rapidly emerging as alternative to customary manufacturing techniques. Industry is increasingly looking at it as a means of producing finished articles rather than simply for prototyping. One of the main AM techniques is Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) in which a polymer filament is melted and progressively extruded to shit a 3D plastic part. AT present a relatively miserable number of polymers may be successfully used with conventional FDM machines and this is limiting the ability of the process to expand into new markets.1.1. Additive ManufacturingAdditive manufacturing (AM) is the name minded(p) to a group of emerging technologies that create objects from the bottom-up by adding material one cross-sectional layer at a time. i A three-dimensional unanimous object of virtu each(prenominal)y any shape can be manufactured from a digital model. The adaptation of such a technology will result in engineers having to invest less time dealing with manufacturing constrains and will give them almost unlimited design freedom. However, up to now, despite all positive aspects, no single 3D printer has been able to print using different materials.Additionally, while various materials can be used in AM, their material properties, such as strength, electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity typically have inferior properties compared with conventionally manufactured counterparts due to the anisotropy caused by the layer-by-layer approach. Many studies have account on the incorporation of nanoparticles for the creation of new printing materials for AM. coat nanoparticles ii, Nano-sized carbon black powder iii, carbon nanotubesand ceramic nanoparticles have been used in the past.Manufacturers across different industries are utilizing this digital manufacturing procedure to create a range of items, including motor parts for car applications, impellers and blades for aviation use, design less sand moulds for pumps employ as a part of the oil and energy industry, and medical prosthetics which require effectively versatile design rightments.1.2. light speed Nano-TubesCarbon nanotubes (CNTs) take the form of tube shaped carbon atoms and have novel properties that make them potentially valuable in a wide variety of utilizations in nanotechnology, hardware, optics, and different fields of materials science. They show exceptional quality and one of a kind electric al properties, and are good conductors. Inorganic nanotubes have also been combined.Manufacturing a nanotube is subject to employ quantum science, particularly, orbital hybridization. Nanotubes are composed altogether out of sp2 bonds, like those of graphite. This holding social structure, stronger than the sp3 bonds found in diamond, gives the atoms their exceptional quality. Nanotubes adjust themselves into ropes held together by Van der Waals forces. downstairs extreme pressure, nanotubes can combine, exchanging whatever sp2 bonds for sp3 bonds, giving incredible probability for creating solid, unlimited-length wires through high- tilt nanotube association. ivCarbon nanotubes (CNTs) are allotropes of carbon with a tube-shaped nanostructure. Nanotubes have been true with length-to-distance across proportion of up to 132,000,0001, fundamentally bigger than for any other material. These round and hollow carbon atoms have abnormal properties, which are invaluable for nanotechnol ogy, gadgets, optics and different fields of materials science and creation. Specifically, owing to their unprecedented thermal conductivity and mechanical and electrical properties, carbon nanotubes find applications as added substances to various structural materials. For example, nanotubes form a tiny bit of the material(s) in a few (basically carbon fibre), golf clubs, or auto parts. vNanotubes are classified as single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) and multi-walled nanotubes (MWNTs). Singular nanotubes normally adjust themselves into ropes held together by van der Waals strengths, more particularly, pi-stacking. The theoretical concentration of carbon nanotubes required to reach the electrical percolation threshold for a CNT/Polymer composite can be obtained, as a first step, using the power lawwhere is the electrical conductivity, is the MWCNT volume concentration in the nanocomposite, is the critical MWCNT volume concentration at electrical percolation, and isa critical expone nt. viThe aim of this project is to investigate the use of carbon-nanotubes (CVTs) as a reinforcement in the extruded polymer filaments used in FDM. The intention is to create a new polymer nanocomposite blends that will enable parts produced by FDM to have wider ranges of properties. CNTs have the potential to significantly enhance mechanical properties without significantly increasing the viscosity of the polymer melt and the ease of overlapion of filament and its performance in FDM.ObjectivesThe primary objective is to find the MFI (Melt Flow Index), the rheological properties of different CNT compositions. The MFI and Rheology tests should show the melt period index, viscosity and shear rate. With the help of the these tests the viscoelastic properties can determine the mechanical performance of the final products. The results will show how adding carbon Nano-tubes in thermoplastics can salmagundi its mechanical properties like tensile strength, yield strength and youngs modu lus.3D printing or additive manufacturing (AM) is any of different processes for making a three-dimensional object of any shape from a 3D display or other electronic information source fundamentally through additive processes in which progressive layers of material are stripe down under PC control.Early AM hardware and materials were created in the 1980s. In 1984, a procedure created known as stereo lithography employing UV lasers to cure photopolymers by Chuck Hull of 3D Systems Corp. Hull created the STL file format, which is widely acknowledged by 3D printing programming. Metal sintering types of Additive Manufacturing were world created, (for example, particular laser sintering and coordinate metal laser sintering), although they were not yet called 3D printing during 1980s. In 1990, the plastic extrusion innovation most broadly connected with the expression 3D printing was marketed by Stratasys under the name Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM). viiOriginally created at the ma mma Institute of Technology in 1993. 3D printing innovation frames the basis of Z Corporations prototyping procedure. 3D physical models are created by 3DP technology by consideration layers of powder deposition utilizing a fluid binder. 3DP technology is versatile and fast processing geometry of extreme complexities in numerous applications, which support different types of material. Z Corp. pioneered the 3DP innovation creating 3D printers that manufacturers use to introduce early concept models and prototypes. Using 3DP innovation, Z Corp. has created 3D printers that work at extraordinary rates, amazingly low expenses, and inside an erectile scope of uses.Additive Manufacturing innovations discovered applications beginning in the 1980s in product improvement, information representation, manufacturing and rapid prototyping Their expansion into generation (job production, large scale manufacturing, and manufacturing) has been being worked on in the decades since. Modern producti on roles within the metalworking businesses accomplished noteworthy scale without precedent for the early 2010s. viiiBesides all the advantages of Additive Manufacturing, it has also some disadvantages which includes its slow building rates as printers lay down material at speed of one to five cubic metre per second, parts can only be printed one at a time which can prevent economics of scale and higher production costs. ixFused Deposition Modelling (FDM) is a technology which is based on layers of strands of semi molten thermoplastics placed on top of each other in a 3-dimentional shape. FDM is a developing technology which is currently used in rapid prototyping and manufacturing. FDM is commonly known as an additive process, which is made by expelling material into layers which are controlled by a PC to form the final shape. Some FDM machines permit the client to control different parts of the layering procedure, for example, layer thickness, air hole between extrusions, angles of contour, and extrusion width. These straightforwardly affect the last shapes mass, thickness, quality, solidness and penetrability. xAM is creating to meet the demands for sturdy new parts, which need to comply with peculiar(prenominal) mechanical and design requirement. along thermal properties, new printing materials must have appropriate rheological and thermal properties to be ready to be extruded and solidify while keeping up the exactness of successive layers. The utilization of polymers in additive manufacturing are represented by the transition of glass temperature, malt viscosity, heat capacity and the shear separate out of the material. Understanding the relationship between the basic properties will help in the improvement of advanced printing materials and filaments. The glass transition temperature (Tg) is the temperature beneath which the polymer gets to be languid and hard like glass. The glass transition temperature is not the melting point, that is characterized by the temperature at which crystalline or semi-crystalline polymers transform from its crystal structure to its liquid state.Poly-Lactic pungent (PLA) is a biodegradable and low toxicity thermoplastic which is made up of lactide or lactic acid monomers. Poly (vinyl acetate) PVA is also a biodegradable thermoplastic polymer which is synthesized by the hydrolysis poly vinyl acetate (PVAc) because of tits instability of vinyl alcohol monomer. Polycaprolactone (PCL) is polymerized from caprolactone monomer. PCL is hydrophobic in nature and is soluble in chloroform, which biodegrades in the presence of microorganisms. xiFigure 1 PLA, PVA and PCL xii3DXTech is a company that provides filaments containing carbon nanotubes. Their 3DXNanoESD ABS filaments (containing MWCNTs) are available with diameters of 1.75 mm and2.85 mm. The filament is tailored toward applications that require electrostatic discharge(ESD). The filament is produced using MG-94 subvention ABS and mixed with MWCNTs, a ndprocess/dispersion modifiers.Nanocyl are one of the worldwide leading experts in CNT based materials, producing researchand industry grade carbon nanotubes. One of their product lines, PLASTICYL, is a collectionof carbon nanotubes, thermoplastic concentrates for applications requiring electrical conductivitywith good mechanical properties. Current Progress of their Polymer Composites and are available in a respective(a) range of thermoplastic resins, including PC, PP, PA, PET, HDPE, and others. Although these enhanced thermoplastics were not specifically aimed at the FDM sector, they have a formulation that makes them applicable, subject to the temperature range of the extruder. PLASTICYL can be used in many applications and a surface resistivity range of 1-1012 , and the typical loading for static dissipative applications are around 2-3% of CNTs in the final compound. xiiiA table shows some of the commercially available carbon nanotube based materials. fudge 1 Companies that pro vide filaments and pellets containing carbon nanotubes.CompanyProduct3DXTech3DXNano ESD ABS + Carbon Nanotube Filament3DXNano ESD PETG + Carbon Nanotube FilamentFunctionalize F-ElectricFunctionalize F-Electric filament (PLA Carbon Nanotube)FilabotMWCNT1 Multi Walled Carbon Nanotube PelletsCheap Tubes Inc.Carbon Nanotube Masterbatches CNT-ABS-10NanocylPLASTICYL ABS 1501*PLASTICYL HIPS 1001PLASTICYL PC 1501PLASTICYL PP 2001Design of ExperimentAs it can be understood, the strength of polymer composites is improved due to the amount of carbon nanotubes added in with PLA. For this research, different compositions of CNT polymer are tested at two temperatures i.e. 190C and 195C. The set of experiments fixed for this research were MFI (Melt Flow Index), Rheology and Microscopy.MFI (Melt Flow Index)ISO 1133-12011 governs the procedure for the measurement of the melt flow rate. xiv MFI (Melt Flow Index) is a measure of the ease of the melt flow of thermoplastic polymers. It is define as m ass of polymer, in grams, which is flowing through a tube of specific diameter and length by a pressure applied via specific weight. (A.V. Shenoy D, R. Saini 1986). It is an indirect method of measuring molecular weight, with respect to melt flow. MFI is inversely proportional to the viscosity of the melted polymer, xv as the viscosity depends on the specific weight applied. In this test granules of the specimens are packed into a barrel at the bottom of which there is a 2.0955mm diameter 8mm long die. The polymer is heated for a specific period and then the amount, which flows through the die during a specifies time and under a specific mass, is measurable. Melt Flow rate used for PLA and CNT are measured at 190C and 195C. MFI test is a single point test, which only shows a single value on shear rate vs. viscosity graph.RheologyThe study of polymer rheology testing is to investigate how the stresses in polymers or the applied force is related to the deformation of polymer and its flow. The science of rheology itself is quite complex, however, the rheograms produced by this technique are helpful in determining the effect on melt viscosity of temperature. Capillary rheometer consists of a barrel which is temperature controlled incorporating two bores of different diameters. During the polymer melt, the pressure applied through the dies is recorded. xvi The judgment of polymer rheology through laboratory testing can help see the presence of liquid-like behaviour which depends on the applies load. The information collected through rheology can help optimize the material for FDM (Fused Deposition Modelling). As the melt flow depends on the viscosity of the material. The tests are performed when the polymer is going through melt phase.MicroscopyMicroscopy is a field of using microscope which helps in viewing objects and areas which cannot be seen through naked eye. The analysis of microscopy provides a mean to study and characterize the micro and Nano-structural features of polymers. xvii In this experiment, an optical microscope is used to observe the structure and chemical composition of CNT with PLA. Microscopy of CNT compositions are compared with simple PLA material. Because of the microscopy, the porosities and blending of polymers can be seen. The technique can be helpful in determination of the causes of failure.Methodology Figure2 fit Screw Haake Extruder xviiiMFI (Melt Flow Index)After turning on the Kayeness Galaxy Melt Flow Indexer a die of 2.0955mm was dropped into the bottom of the barrel.A melt time was set up at 360 seconds and number of cuts as well. In this experiment the number of cuts were 3. Temperature was first set at 190C.Once the barrel reached the temperature, the granules of 0.1% CNT + PLA were poured into the barrel sporadically packing with the tamping tool to remove the trapped air.Piston was placed into the barrel and a weight of 2160g was placed. In accordance with ASTM D1238-95.Note Piston rod weighs 100 g and this was interpreted into the account.After the program started the piston starts to drop. High polymers are required a plug to prevent run-out of the polymer during polymer melt period.After melting time was over, Run departure was pressed and the extrudate was cut simultaneously across the orifice face.A timer counts the test time on the front panel it will bleep when it is nearing the end of the melt time.As the number of cuts were 3, step 6 was repeated two more times.The extrudates obtained were then weighed and recorded for finding the value of MFI (Melt Flow Index).Once all the material was purged from the barrel, it was then cleaned with cotton swatches and bronze brush.To get the MFI value of 0.2%,0.5%,1% and 100% PLA, the procedure was repeated for every composition. Another set of values were also obtained at 195C by repeating the experiment.The MFI machine used for the experiment is shown below.Results Table 1 Results from MFI (Melt Flow Index) at 190CCompositions Temperature (C)Specific Weight (g) reading material 1 (g)Reading 2 (g)Reading 3 (g)Average (g)MFI (g/10 min) average*10100% PLA19021600.11630.11690.11850.11721.1720.1% CNT+PLA19021600.12220.1220.12190.1221.220.2% CNT+PLA19021600.11960.1230.12130.12131.210.5% CNT+PLA19021600.11810.11930.11610.11781.161% CNT+PLA19021600.10820.10820.1090.10851.09Table 2 Results from MFI (Melt Flow Index) at 195CCompositionsTemperature (C)Specific Weight (g)Reading 1 (g)Reading 2 (g)Reading 3 (g)Average (g)MFI (g/10 min) average*100.1% CNT+PLA19521600.1580.16220.16360.16121.6130.2% CNT+PLA19521600.17080.1670.16410.16731.6730.5% CNT+PLA19521600.15340.15070.16280.15561.5561% CNT+PLA19521600.1320.13040.13220.13151.315i Standard Terminology for Additive Manufacturing Technologies, 2010, ASTM International West Conshohocken,PA., operational at (Accessed 09/11/2016)ii Crane, N.B., Wilkes, J., Sachs, E. and Allen, S.M., Improving accuracy of powder-based SFF processes by metaldeposition from a nanoparticle di spersion, Rapid Prototyping J., 12, 266-274 , Available at (Accessed 09/11/2016).iii Athreya, S.R., Kalaitzidou, K. and Das, S., Processing and characterization of a carbon black-filled electricallyconductive nylon-12 nanocomposites produced by selective laser sintering. Material Science Engng. A, 527, 2637-2642, Available at (Accessed 09/11/2016).iv https//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_nanotube, Available at www.wikipedia.org(Accessed 09/11/2016).v https//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_nanotube, Available at www.wikipedia.org(Accessed 09/11/2016).vi http//www.intechopen.com/books/carbon-nanotubes-current-progress-of-their-polymer-composites, Available at www.intechopen.com (Accessed 09/11/2016).vii http//www.slideshare.net/arjunrtvm/seminar-fair-report?qid=309c4d95-7e77-4f42-bb10-b747514d9a15v=b=from_search=1, Available at www.slideshare.net(Accessed 09/11/2016).viii http//www.slideshare.net/arjunrtvm/seminar-fair-report?qid=309c4d95-7e77-4f42-bb10-b747514d9a15v=b=from_search=1, Avail able at www.slideshare.net(Accessed 09/11/2016).ix http//compositesmanufacturingmagazine.com/2014/10/pros-cons-additive-manufacturing/2/, Available at (Accessed 09/11/2016).x httpsetd.ohiolink.eduetd.send_fileaccession=osu1396441215disposition=inline,Available at (Accessed 09/11/2016).xi http//www.intechopen.com/books/carbon-nanotubes-currentprogress- of-their-polymer-composites, Available at www.intechopen.com (Accessed 09/11/2016).xii http//www.google.com/patents/US20130210959 (Acessed 09/10/2016).xiii http//www.intechopen.com/books/carbon-nanotubes-currentprogress- of-their-polymer-composites, Available at www.intechopen.com (Accessed 09/11/2016).xiv ISO Standard, Available at https//www.iso.org/standard/44273.html (Accessed 20/02/2017).xv MFI (Melt Flow Index), Available at https//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melt_flow_index (Accessed 20/02/2017)xvi Rheology, Available at http//www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=2795 (Accessed 20/02/2017).xvii Microscopy, Available at http//www.intert ek.com/polymers/microscopy/ (Accessed 20/02/2017).xviii Extruder, Available at http//www.rheologysolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/ts_polylab_extruder_twin1.jpg (Accessed 20/02/2017).

Characteristics of Pure Competition

Characteristics of sodding(a) contention1.0 IntroductionBasic microeconomic theory states that impregnables should attempt to maximize profits and that this is achieved where marginal receipts is equal to marginal cost. A number of assumptions underpin this theory, including the assumptions that firms clearly understand the nature of the demand for their crossroads, and why tribe buy, and that they atomic number 18 leading and able to match output and sales as the model demands. In reality, decision makers do non give perfect cognition and production and sales argon affected by suppliers and distri plainlyors.However, this basic theory has resulted in the development of tradeplace models and characteristics of these in respect of restrictions to entry into the industry, the number of firms in the industry, whether those firms produce a standardized product or try to diverseiate their products from those of some former(a) firm. At the early 1920s, solely two une quivocal grocery models atomic number 18 present in the economic studies which argon Pure Competition and Pure Monopoly. However, economist found out that more or less firms operate in foodstuff places that fall betwixt the totals of pure emulation and pure monopoly. These firms do not face competition from numerous rival producers all exchange a homogeneous product at a single outlay. Instead, most firms in the real commercial world face varying degrees of competition. In about cases, in that location be competitions religious offering more than or less identical products in other instances, firms produce and give differentiated products. In the latter case, a competitors product is merely an attractive substitute.In the real commercial world, there whitethorn be numerous competitor, or there whitethorn be merely a some other traffickers in a given market. The need of for a more accurate world for markets of this type of this type led to the development of imper fect market to refer to such markets. Imperfect competition refers to markets lying in between the two extreme forms of markets, pure competition and pure monopoly.In order to bridge the gap of these extreme forms of market organise, two economists, Joan Robinson of Cambridge University of England and Edward Chamberlin of Harvard University in the U.S.A., introduced independently a third market world to explain and illustrate the theory of imperfect competition in the yr of 1993. In other words, their model of market organization is what as refer as monopolistic competition.As a result of the variations between the markets present, four distinct market social structures are introduced Pure Competition, Pure Monopoly, monopolistic competition, and Oligopoly.Pure CompetitonPure Competition is a rarity as such as a theory-based market model. Pure competition involves a really large number of firms producing a standardized, non differentiated product that is exactly identical to t hat of other firms as dead competitive. Pure Competition is a market which firms will lonesome(prenominal) make normal profits, the amount required for them to stay in the industry. In Pure Competition market there are no major barriers to entry into the industry so bleak firms can enter or exit the industry very easily. If a Pure Competition market r apiece(prenominal)es a situation which sum up exceeds demand then the ruling market scathe is forced d take and only the efficient firms survive.Monopolistic competitionMonopolistic competition is characterized by a comparatively large number of sellers producing differentiated products such as clothing, furniture and books. However, as there are once more no major barriers to entry the above situation concerning profits applies in terms of long run. Newcomers increase supply and although those firms with distinctive products can charge some premium they will still stick out to move in line with market prices generally, which do the price takers. This will have a dampening effect on profits the firms get aheaded.MonopolyPure monopoly is a market structure in which whizz firm is the sole seller of a product or service. Only a small number or even bingle large firm is dominant and constitutes the entire industry. Pure monopoly is a real opportunity for supernatural profits, in excess of what is required to stay in business since the entry of additional firms is blocked or the barrier is high to entry. Monopolist produces a unique product that the firms make no effort to differentiate its product. Only in monopoly, excess profits could be made if goernment did not act as a restraint that under normal circumstances their actions in terms of supply and pricing are monitored and regulated.OligopolyOligopoly involves only a small number of large firms of an identical or similar product. This situation resulted in distributively of the firms tend to be wary of each other as rivals and the prices are held b ack to some extent for a fear of losing the market share. Firms are interdependent and fear that a price simplification will be met by competitors and price increases will not. in that location are two types of oligopoly, depending on whether opportunities exist for significant specialization. In all of these models competition is a major determinant of profit potential and therefore objectives must be set with competitors in mind.The firms that we have chosen for this assignment areTescoAstroKaspersky science labWeng Yeang bring up MalaysiaNescafeCarlsbergCavenzi channelise AsiaCoca-colaIndah Water consortium BhdMaxisFace To FacePetronas GasGSCinemasBrands OutletNikeCasioTenaga National BhdLogitechTelekom Malaysia Bhd2.0. Pure CompetitionCharacteristics of Pure CompetitionThere are few characteristic of pure competition. One of the characteristic is large number of small sellers in this market. Therefore, the action of any single seller does not have a significant effect on oth er sellers in the market. Also, it is assumed that numerous buyers and resources (particularly capital) can easily be transferred into and out of the industry. Secondly, there is no product differentiation in pure competition concept. All firm sell identical products. In other words, all products are completely standardized product in this concept. There are numerous firms in pure competition each angiotensin converting enzyme is so small a part of the market that it cannot alter the market price by marketing a little more or little less of its experience output. Thirdly, pure competition has been used to refer to markets in which firms are price takers historically. Any firm in a market will be price takers accordance to four conditions 1. All of firm in the market are producing an identical produce 2. There a large number of firms exist in the market 3. all(prenominal) firm supplies only a very small portion of the total amount supplied to the market 4. No barriers limit in the entry or exit in the market.Weng Yeang course Malaysia Sdn BhdProductsWeng Yeang Hang Malaysia Sdn Bhd supplies agricultural safes and food products. defenseAfter I studied market model of pure competition, I have realized pure competition is relatively rare in the real world market this market model is highly relevant. I founded that Weng Yeong Hang Malaysia Sdn Bhd has the characteristic of the closest firm to a pure competition market structure. One of the factors Wenf Yeong Hang Malaysia Sdn Bhd belonged to Pure Competition market is that there is a very large number of independently acting sellers who too sells agricultural goods and food product, often proposing their products in international markets. The product supplied by this firm is standardized or identical. If the price is the same, consumers will be unconcerned virtually which seller to buy the product from. Be offices that, new firms can freely entry and existing firms can freely leave purely competitive indu stries. Lastly, this firm may is a price taker due to this firm exerts no major control over product price. Each firm produces such a electric shaver portion of total output that growing or diminishing its output will not clearly influence total supply or, therefore, produce price.3.0 Monopolistic CompetitionCharacteristics of Monopolistic CompetitionOne of the characteristic of Monopolistic Competition is that there are many numbers of firms in the industry producing and selling a slightly but yet differentiated product in terms of carry, quality, location, service and other factors. Firms which operate under Monopolistic Competition normally have no control over the price of the product. In a Monopolistic Competition market, the barriers to entry to industry are easy and non price competition with advertising, label names, trademarks etc to boost their respective ruling over a certain market. Many producers in Monopolistic Competition sell products that aredifferentiatedfrom on e other as goods but they are not perfectsubstitutes for that certain product which is similar to it.Kaspersky LabProductsKaspersky Labs products for home and home office are specifically designed software to provide hassle-free and quality protection against viruses, worms and other malicious programs, as well as hacker attacks, spam and spywareJustificationKaspersky Lab is considered as a firm operational(a) in the monopolistic competition market structure because there are many firms providing different types of antivirus software in Malaysia. From a near estimated report on the internet regarding the numbers of antivirus software present in the current market, there are 10 to 15 antivirus software firms which are selling antivirus software. Even though each of these products shared the same purpose of defending against malwares, but there is still an element of differentiation in each of the products itself. Kaspersky Lab is selling many differentiated products which is claim ed to be synonymous products but not perfectly substitutable with antivirus firm by other competitors. For pillowcase, customers will choose different brand of antivirus as they please. The antivirus industry is easy to entry and exit because the antivirus software that are easy to be replaced by another substitutes and the cost production are lesser compare to the products produced in the monopoly and oligopoly market structures.NescafeProductsNescafe produces a combination of freeze-dried coffee granules, coffee bean and instant coffee all in one powder.JustificationNescafe is considered as a firm operating in the monopolistic competition market structure because there are many brand of firms is selling instant coffee powder in Malaysia wish well Power Root and Ah Huat White Coffee. Nescafe is selling a varieties of differentiated products which is claimed to be substitutable products but not perfectly substitutable with coffee drink by other competitors. For examples, there a re many brands of instant coffee powder with different packaging, cistron of the product and price. There are independent action means with numerous of coffee firms in an industry, and each firm can determine its own pricing insurance insurance policy without considering the possible reactions of rival firms. Nescafe are no personal selling because the product is of low unit value and do not have they own fibril of retail stores.CavenziProductsCavenzi is a company to sell low price and many type of furnitureJustificationCavenzi is considered operating in the monopolistic competition market structure because there are many brand of firm bidwise selling furniture in Malaysia. Cavenzi is selling many differentiated products which is claimed to be substitutable products but not perfectly substitutable with furniture by other competitors. For examples, it had many brand of furniture just different package, design, ingredient of product and price. There are Independent action means with numerous of furniture firm in an industry, and each firm can determine its own pricing policy without considering the possible reactions of rival firms.Coca-cola CompanyProductsCoca-Cola produces a variety of soft drinks and refreshment beverages.JustificationCoca-cola Company is considered operating in the monopolistic competition market structure because there are large numbers of soft drink dealer in Asia. Based on the current Asia market, it is roughly estimated that there are 10 or more firms are selling soft drinks. Coca-cola is selling many differentiate products which is claimed to be respond to customer requirements. However, among all the soft drink, each of them may have some differentiated attributes to their product. For example, the soft drinks are differentiated by different packaging or creativity advertising. There are some but within rather change limits due to the changes of price are no cause big effects to their consumer. Moreover, the condition of entry t he market those are relatively easy because the cost of production quit lower and that can product many at same time. Coca-Cola Company considerable focus on advertising, brand names trademarks as the creative advertising released by Coca-Cola Company profound attention to the public. Compare with another soft drink their different of taste and ingredient to making price competition in the market.Face To FaceProductsFace To Face provided noodle as its main product and there likewise got sell drinks, fried rice and snacks as like restaurant.JustificationFace To Face is considered operating in the monopolistic competition market structure because there are large numbers of restaurant selling in Asia. Fact To Face is selling differentiated products to be perfectly substitutable with restaurants sold by other competitors. For example, if restaurant are full slot and customer has choice go to Face To Face and older food as their like. However, among all the restaurants, each of them ma y have some differentiated attributes to their product. For example, restaurants have different packaging or some has delivery services. There is some but within rather narrow limits due to the changes of price are no cause big effects to their consumer. Moreover, the condition of entry the market those are relatively easy because the cost of production quit lower and that can product many at same time. Face To Face have its own pricing policy and it considerable emphasis on advertising, brand names trademarks as they are promote many economic food to attract their product from public. It will consider price competition with other restaurant.Brands OutletProductsBrands Outlet is one of a brand under Padini Holdings Bhd. They offer a variety of brands, styles and items for men, women and children. Another feature of Brands Outlet is that the store layout is designed to make the shopping experience easy and fun.JustificationBrands outlet considered as market model of monopolistic comp etition because there have many other band teeing ground in the market we k straightaway, so it consider as relatively large number of sellers. Each of band tee firm own market shares that have a comparatively small percentage of the total market and consequently has limited control over market price. They are no collusion to each firm due to restrict output and set prices are unlikely. Besides that, they always do promotion like graphic tee RM50/ 3 pieces due to product differentiation to do some control over price. The consumers will knuckle under for it to satisfy their preferences.NikeProductsNike is known by every teen or sporty guy. We mostly recognize this brand though to the sport shoes. They also developed some accessories for sport and tee.JustificationNike considered as a market model of monopolistic competition due to few factors. The first factor is that the Nike shoes industry (Nikes product mainly on sport shoes) has many competitors like Adidas and Puma which is s elling similar products. Nike has its own unique design, quality of work to create a sense of differentiation in their products in order to gain the upper hand in the industry. Nike retailing store often compete mainly on the basis of location. Locations which are close to consumers like a sprightly street or mall. In additionally, they may advertise their produces that differs from rivals product with famous football players.CasioProductsCasio produces projector, cash registers, label printer and other product that benefit to businessman.JustificationCasio considered as market model of monopolistic competition because either one of product that them selling has a lot of competitors. Like categorises of watches, the rival present are Rolex, Citizen, Seiko and Skagen. Casio has small market shares in each of firm has a comparatively small percentage of the total market and consequently has limited control over market. They have its own independent action each other, with numerous fi rms in an industry, there is no feeling of interdependence among them. Each of they can determine its own pricing policy without considering the possible reactions of rival firms.LogitechProductsLogitech provide computer peripherals that are essential to our laptop and desktop such as mouse, keyboard, speaker and microphone.JustificationLogitech considered as market model of monopolistic competition because them have relatively large of number of sellers in the market. There is no collusion between Logitech to other computer peripherals firm. The presence of relatively large number of firms to restrict output and set prices us unlikely. Logitech is selling a bunch of differentiated products to be perfectly substitutable with other computer peripherals sold by other competitors. For example, if one of Logitechs mice sold out, the consumers also can choice other Logitechs mice provided in the shop. However, among all the computer peripherals, each of them may have some differentiated attributes to their product. Different packaging and performance are to be expected on other computer peripherals. There is some but within rather narrow limits due to the changes of price are no cause big effects to their consumer. Moreover, the condition of entry the market those are relatively easy because the cost of production quit lower and that can product many at same time. Logitechs computer peripherals considerable emphasis on advertising, brand names trademarks as they are promote many computer peripherals to attract their product from public.4.0 Pure MonopolyCharacteristic of MonopolyMonopoly has extensive market control. It controls the selling side of the market. They must pay the monopoly firm if anyone wants to get the production sold by the monopoly firm. This means that the demand curve facing the monopoly is the market demand curve, they are one and the same. There is only one firm but not a lot of small firms in a monopolized industry because there are no close substitutes in the market. A monopoly often owes its monopoly status to the fact that other potential producers are prevented from entering the market. No freedom of entry here. Neither is there perfect information. A monopoly firm often has specialized information, such as patents or copyright which are not available to other potential producers.The most important aspect of being a single seller is that the monopoly seller is the market. The market demand for a good is the demand for the output produced by the monopoly. This makes monopoly a price maker, rather than a price taker. And of course, a Monopoly market structure must have a unique product with no close substitutes to be the only seller of a product. Hence, seller has full control over the market price, and also there is no need to advertise for his goods.ASTROProductsThe Malaysian school broadcast satellite (DBS) Paid TV service. It transmits digital satellite television, movie and radio to Malaysia Bruneis households. The name Astro is an acronym for All-Asian Satellite Television and Radio Operator. Since 2008, a video cyclosis service to mobile phone users throughout the country (Astro Mobile TV) has been offering by ASTRO and subsequently Astro B.yond Mobile.JustificationASTRO is considered as operating in the pure monopoly market structure because there are only one number of firm which provide broadcast satellite Pay TV service in Malaysia. They control the market for pay TV equipment and accessories. ASTRO has sole control over price. Besides, ASTRO is selling unique products which is claimed to be non substitutable by other firms products. For example No other firms give services like ASTRO did, so if costumers want to get the services from ASTRO, they just have to pay them. For ASTRO subscribers, it is nothing but pay, pay and pay for everything from the twenty-four hour period of installation and even when they decide for early termination. Late payment charges, reinstallation charges and servicing charges add on.TENAGA NASIONAL BERHAD (TNB)ProductsTENAGE NASIONAL BERHAD (TNB), the sole provider for electricity in Malaysia. TNB has a monopoly over the contagious disease and distribution of electricity in peninsular Malaysia. TNB is responsible for electricity generation, transmission and distribution and retail supply in Peninsula Malaysia.JustificationTENAGE NASIONAL BERHAD (TNB) is as considered as operating in the pure monopoly market structure because it is the only provider of electricity in Malaysia. TNB has a monopoly over the transmission and distribution of electricity in Peninsular Malaysia and it has sole control over the price. Besides, TNB is selling unique products electricity generation, transmission and distribution and retail supply in Peninsula Malaysia which is claimed to be non-substitutable by other firms products. For example TENAGA NASIONAL BERHAD (TNB) is the only firm which provides transmission and distribution of electricity in Penins ular Malaysia. To get the transmission and distribution of electricity from TNB, all the Malaysian must pay TNB for the respective electricity supply.Telekom Malaysia Bhd (TM)ProductsThe largest telecommunications provider in Malaysia which offers a comprehensive range of communication services and solutions in broadband, data and fixed-line.JustificationTelekom Malaysia Bhd (TM) is as considered operating in the pure monopoly market structure because according to UK definition of monopoly, it says that any company holds more than 25% of the market share is consider as monopoly and Telekom Malaysia Bhd (TM) is the largest telecommunications provider in Malaysia which holds more than 25% of the market. Telekom has set up the fibre optic backbone in the westerm Malaysia, this allowed Telekom Malaysia to set a slighty hight than the normal price, along with the governments consent, this made Telekom Malaysia Bhd (TM) a price maker instead than a price taker.Indah Water Konsortium Sdn B hdProductsIndah Water Konsortium Sdn Bhd, a national sewer company, owned by Minister of Finance Incorporated, is responsible for providing sewerage services, operating and maintaining over 5,750 public sewage sermon plants and 13,000km networks of sewerage pipelines.JustificationIndah Water Konsortium Sdn Bhd is as considered operating in the pure monopoly market structure because it is the only supplier of sewerage services, operating and maintaining on sewage treatment plants and pipelines in Malaysia. Indah Water Konsortium Sdn Bhd has a monopoly over the sewerage services, operating and maintaining on sewage treatment plants and pipelines in Malaysia and it has sole control over the price. Besides, Indah Water Konsortium Sdn Bhd is selling unique services which is claimed to be non substitutable. For example Indah Water Konsortium Sdn Bhd provides sewerage service like no other firm did, so if costumers want to get the services from Indah Water Konsortium Sdn Bhd, they must pa y them.PETRONAS Gas BhdProductsPetronas Gas Bhd supplied petroleum, natural gas, liquidated petroleum gas and other types of fossil fuels to automobiles and household.JustificationPETRONAS Gas Bhd is considered as operating in the pure monopoly market structure because there is only one price in market which control by government. Government control the price of the product for there is no close substitute. Government attempted to set the price into the same, so that the price would not has large difference. By this, Government regulates in the public interest. For example when the price of the petrol are same everywhere in Malaysia, consolidation of little companies into bigger ones enabled some very large corporations to escape market discipline by fixing prices or undercutting competitors.5.0 OligopolyCharacteristics of OligopolyAn oligopoly are maximizes profits by producing where the marginal revenue equals to marginal costs and oligopolies are price setters rather than price takers. The barriers to entry are high but there only so few firms that actions of one firm can influence the actions of the other firms. They can retain long run abnormal profits and their product may be homogeneous or differentiated. They also have perfect knowledge of their own cost and demand functions but their inter-firm information may be incomplete but buyer have only imperfect knowledge as to price, cost and product quality only. The distinctive feature of an oligopoly is interdependence, typically composed of a few large firms. Each firm is so large that its actions affect market conditions therefore the competing firms will be aware of a firms market actions and will respond appropriately.TescoProductsTesco is a supermarket, it offering a wide variety of food and household products such as meats, vegetables, soft drink, television, air conditioner and etc.JustificationTesco is considered operating in the oligopoly market structure because Malaysia has many other supermark ets such as Jusco, Giant and Carrefour so they always have price war between each other and we as a consumer will get more benefit about this. Let say if Tescos soft drinks price drops then another supermarket soft drinks will also drop because they are interdependent. Tescos price outline is more focus on Tescos Low Price Guarantee and Every Day Low Price strategy so Tesco is performing long run abnormal profit.Carlsberg lager beerProductsCarlsberg lager beer is the flagship in the Carlsberg Groups portfolio of beers. It contains 5% alcohol by volume (ABV).JustificationCarlsberg beer is considered operating in the oligopoly market structure because Malaysia has many other beers such as Tiger beer, Heineken beer and etc. They have price war between each other like price of the Carlsberg beer drop then Tiger beer will use some reward to retain their sales. Taste of the beers have some different, it mean differentiated and many beers pop out from the market but they cant survive in t his market because of the start-up cost are high. Carlsberg has put forward a new marketing strategy for Carlsberg Sport, the energy drink so they already created a new field of the market and this is a long term strategy.Air AsiaProductsAir Asia is Asia largest low-fare, no frills airline and pioneer of low-cost travel in Asia. AirAsia group operates scheduled domestic and international flights to over 400 destination spanning 25 countries.JustificationAir Asia is considered operating in the oligopoly market structure because our country has other air travels such as Malaysia Airlines and Firefly. They are provide the same services for customer but they all still have some different. Let say AirAsia offers free seating but the Malaysia Airlines offers assigned seats and the price between each of them also different. This is the product differentiation of twain products. The strategy of AirAsia playing is safety, low fare, good services and simplicity so their market can be strong in the economy market of the air travel.MaxisProductsMaxis provide a variety of mobile communication products and services. They offer prepaid call plans, monthly subscription plans, international roaming, MMS and WAP.JustificationMaxis is considered operating in the oligopoly market structure because here have other communication company like digi, celcom, and Umobile. Maxis and digi provide the postpaid service to customers but the price of both are different like maxis is RM28 free 200min voice call and 100 SMS, digi is RM43 free 200min and 200 SMS. They can set the price as low as possible but still have minimum profit to earn so they are retain long run. Strategy of Maxis playing are good network coverage around Malaysia, good deal and special offers for different age groups and also target group and always the first to introduce new mobile plans that why Maxis stand at the first of the telecommunication market.Golden Screen Cinema (GSC)ProductsGSC is a cinema in Malaysia which is operates Malaysias first-ever boutique cinema with only Gold Class and Premiere Class Halls in The Gardens Mall, KL.JustificationGSC is considered operating in the oligopoly market structure because Malaysia has many other cinemas like MBO, TGV and BigCinema. Most of the services provided by them are the same but the feeling give to the customers are different like some people feel that GSC more comfortable than other cinema. They still set the price at RM11 per tag on the weekdays and weekends even though some cinema was increases the price of the but GSC still maintain the price of the ticket which meant GSC are playing long run profit. GSC offers Special Wednesday Rates, selling ticket for only RM6. Children and senior citizens are offered at a price of RM5 per ticket while student will be charged at RM7 before night on the weekdays by flashing their student cards so now Malaysia already have 23 GSC cinema including East Malaysia.6.0 ConclusionTo conclude this assignment it is useful to emphasize the market structure that each firm is operating, in establishing the main strategies and direction in which each firm should take to maximize its profit or to reduce loss as lower as possible. By using the characteristics of each of the four market models, we are able to sort out the market structure of each firm and figure out the advantages and disadvantages of each of the market model. The table below has shows the major characteristics of each market structures.With the help of the table above and the studies done on each firm mentioned in this assignment, we may sort out the firms that weve selected into their respective market model in terms of activities, products and strategies. The table below shows the firms sorted to their respective market model according to their characteristics.

Big and Small Game Site :: Essays Papers

Big and Small Game Site There is an immense amount of Internet sites on the humans Wide Web that covers a broad array of topics. Two of these topics found on the internet be search and capture on the staring(a) election for Fishing and Hunting site, www. fishing-hunting.com. According to the producers of the site, it is A complete resource for fishing and hunting. Including a fishing directory, fishing tournament news, fishing reports, fishing news, fishing articles, a hunting directory, hunting news, hunting articles and much more. (Complete Resource for Fishing and Hunting) The site truly is well designed and is what it claims it has articles on many diverse fishing and hunting topics, articles, and directories along with a search engine to search them. Fishing-Hunting.com has a nice design to it. Using the red, white, and blue color scheme gives the site an American design. The school text on the page is easy to read due to the fact that they contr ast the colors nicely with the background such(prenominal) as the white associate on the blue background. The site is easy to navigate with all the links to each of the areas on the left side of the page. While navigating the site if several(prenominal)one cannot find oneself something on a specific topic they can search the site by using two search engines. The content seems to come from all types of plurality depending on the where it is located within the site. The articles on the site are, for the majority, from people who have experience in the topic they are writing about. Some could even be considered experts, such as Jim Porter. Porter has his accept site, which states he has over 800+ published articles and his work has appeared in BassMaster, Bassin, BassN Gal, many State Game and Fish publications, and numerous newsstand magazines. (Porter) Although some articles are written by experienced personnel on the fishing-hunting.com site, such as Porter, there are archives where people can submit their own articles for other(a) web surfers to view. Along with submitting articles to the site, users are also able to submit their own photos to show off their big catch or big crippled they got in the past seasons.Big and Small Game Site Essays PapersBig and Small Game Site There is an immense amount of Internet sites on the World Wide Web that covers a broad array of topics. Two of these topics found on the internet are fishing and hunting on the Complete Resource for Fishing and Hunting site, www.fishing-hunting.com. According to the producers of the site, it is A complete resource for fishing and hunting. Including a fishing directory, fishing tournament news, fishing reports, fishing news, fishing articles, a hunting directory, hunting news, hunting articles and much more. (Complete Resource for Fishing and Hunting) The site truly is well designed and is what it claims it has articles on many diverse fishing and hunting top ics, articles, and directories along with a search engine to search them. Fishing-Hunting.com has a nice design to it. Using the red, white, and blue color scheme gives the site an American design. The text on the page is easy to read due to the fact that they contrast the colors nicely with the background such as the white links on the blue background. The site is easy to navigate with all the links to each of the areas on the left side of the page. While navigating the site if someone cannot find something on a specific topic they can search the site by using two search engines. The content seems to come from all types of people depending on the where it is located within the site. The articles on the site are, for the majority, from people who have experience in the topic they are writing about. Some could even be considered experts, such as Jim Porter. Porter has his own site, which states he has over 800+ published articles and his work has appeared i n BassMaster, Bassin, BassN Gal, many State Game and Fish publications, and numerous newsstand magazines. (Porter) Although some articles are written by experienced personnel on the fishing-hunting.com site, such as Porter, there are archives where people can submit their own articles for other web surfers to view. Along with submitting articles to the site, users are also able to submit their own photos to show off their big catch or big game they got in the past seasons.

The Four Functions of Management Essay -- essays research papers

The Four Functions of ManagementManagement is the process of working with opposite and capital to achieve judicatureal goals. Also circumspection is defining as creative problem solving. This creative problem solving is accomplished through the four functions of management planning, organizing, leading and controlling. The intended result is the use of an organizations resources in a way that finish its mission and objectives. Every good manager, supervisor or leader does those tings both effectively and efficiently.At the present time in MEDDAC-Japan the organization in which I am employ, is working to reorganize some the way they offers services to the military community. Very interesting it is to see as the four functions of management in action. In the business world today, the great executives not only adapt to changing conditions but also apply fanatically, rigorously, consistently and with discipline the perfect management principles. These primitives include the four tr aditional functions of management. They remain as relevant as ever, and they still provide the fundamentals that are needed in star ups as much as in established corporations.Management success is expanding through accomplishment of mission and objectives of the organization. Managers and leaders fail when they do not achieve mission and objectives established. Success and failure are attached in a straight line to the reasons for being in business, mission and objectives. On the other hand, accomplishing mission and objectives is not enough. Success requires equally effectiveness and efficiency. Managers, leaders and supervisor who achieve their mission and objectives are believed to be effective. Efficiency describes the connection between the amount of money of resources used (the input) and the amount to which objectives were accomplished (the output). However, management is complete only if the manager or team leader has become familiar with the specific situation in which he or she can develop and applied each one of the four function of management.The FunctionsPlanningPlanning is specifying the objective to be achieved and deciding in advance the correct action needed for the team or company to achieve those goals. Also is concerned with the future impact of todays decisions. Planning is a fundamental function of management from which the other three stem. The need for plann... ...nsult your people.5. Define clearly the responsibilities being delegated to each person. Explain what is expected of the person and the bounds of their authority. Be trustworthy agreement is reached where the person can function freely.6. Give accurate and honest feedback.7. Really delegate. Most responsible people do not appreciate individual looking over their shoulder, kibitzing, or taking back parts of their assignment before they have a chance to do it. 8. Stress the importance of evaluation. You moldiness not overlook the need to evaluate and measure the extent to wh ich your actions conformed to your plans, if the plans went well, or if the original plans were appropriate and worthwhile.ReferencesU.S. Department of the Army. Army Headquarters. (1999, August) FM 22-100 ArmyLeadership Be, Know, Do. Retrieved may 27, 2005, from https//akocomm.us.army.mil/usapa/doctrine/DR_pubs/dr_aa/pdf/fm22_100.pdfBateman, T. S., & Snell, S. A. (2004). Management the New Competitive Landscape.New York McGraw-Hill/Irwin.Business e-Coach. (2005). Decentralization and Delegation. Retrieved May 27, 2005,from http//www.1000ventures.com/business_guide/mgmt_decentralzation_delegation.html.